The Book of the Knight of Latour-Landry
[The Debate of the Knight and his wife on the problem of courtly love]
The text is lightly glossed; see the glossary in the Riverside Chaucer for words not explained here.
| Page 171 CHAPTER CXXII. The Argument of the knight of the Towre and of his wife. My dere doughters, as for to love paramours I shal tell you alle the debate and strif of me and of your moder. I wold sustaine againste her, that a lady or damoiselle might love paramours in certaine caas. For in love is but good worship, withoute any evill be thought in it. In this thenne wherin is thought any evile is not love, but rather it is grete falshede and mauvastye; wherfore take ye hede, And here ye the grete debate and strif whiche was betwene her and me. Thus thenne I sayd to your moder, " Lady, why shalle not the ladyes and damoisels love paramours? For in certaine, me semeth that in good love and trewe, maye be but welthe and honour, and also the lover is the better therfore, & more gay and joly; and also the more encouraged to excercise page 172 himself more ofte in armes, And taketh therfore better maner in al estates, for to please unto his lady or love. And, in like wise dothe she of whome he is enamoured, for to please him the better, as ferre as she loveth him. And also I tell you that grete amesse it is, whanne a ]ady or damoisell maketh a good knight either a good squier." These ben my reasons. [CHAPTER CXXIII.] The answere whiche the lady of the towre made unto her lord. Thenne answerd to me your moder, "Sire, I merveill me not, if amonge you men sustaine and holde this reason, that al women oughte to love paramours; But sith this debate and strif is come before our owne doughters, I wille answere after min advis and Intencion, For, unto our children we must hyde nothinge. Ye say, and so done all other men, that a lady or damoisell is the better worth when she loveth paramours, And that she shalle be the more gay, & of fair maner and countenaunce, and how she shalle do grete almesse to make a good knight. These wordes are but sport and esbatement of lordes and of felawes, in a langage moche comyn. For they that saye that alle the honour and worshippe whiche they gete and have, is cominge to them by theire paramours, And that their love encourageth them to goo in vyages, And for to plese to them by state of armes; but these wordes coste to them but litell to say, for to gete the better and sooner the grace and good wille of their paramours. For of suche wordes, and other moche merveillous, many one useth full ofte; but how be hit that they saye that for them and for their love they don hit, In good faith they don it only for to enhaunce them self, and for to drawe unto them the grace and vaine glory of the world. Therfore I charge you, my faire doughters, that in this mater ye bileve not your fader. But I pray you that ye hold your self clenly page 173 and without blame, and that ye be not amorous, for many reasons whiche I shalle reherce unto you. Firste, I saye not but that every good woman of age maye love well and better the one than the other, that is to wite, folke of worship and honour, and them also that shalle counceile her for her owne helthe & worship. And thus men oughte to love, by this manere, the one more than the other. But as for to be so ferforth enamoured, in soo moche that this love be maister of her, and maketh them to falle in somme foule and shameful delite, somtime with right, and somtime with wronge, for the watche whiche men *have upon this shameful dede or feate, and also suche dishonour and escry, whiche soone is not put oute, And by the false watches & bacbyters whiche ben never cessing to talke of som evil rather than of somme good, wherby they take away & diffamen the good renomme of the good wommen, and of many a good lady. And therfore alle wommen whiche ben not wedded may kepe and hold them self fro hit; And that for many reasons. The firste reason is, by cause that a woman whiche is enamoured of a man maye not serve God of no good herte ne trewe, as she did before. For many one I have herd saye, the whiche have ben amorous in their yongthe, that when they were in the chirche theire thought and melancolye made them ofte to thinke unto their delites and to their paramours more than they did to the servise of Glod. And also the arte of love is of suche kinde, that whanne one is in the Chirche to here masse and the divine servise, and as the preest holdeth the body of oure Lord betwene his handes, than cometh most to his minde eville and foule thoughtes. This is the arte or crafte of the goddesse that men calle Venus, the whiche had the name of a planete, as I herd saye of a good and trewe man, whiche preched and said how ones the deville entred into the body of a dampned woman, whiche was joly and gaye, and moche amorous. The deville that was within her body made her to doo many fals miracles; wherfor the paynims helde her for a goddesse, and worshipped her as a Page 174 god. And this Venus was she that gaf counceille to the Trojans, that they shold sende Paris, the sone of king Priamus, into Grece, and that she shold make him ravishe and have with him the fairest lady of al Grece, wherof she said trouthe. For Paris did ravishe the fair Helaine, the wif of the kinge Menelaus, for the whiche faitte or dede were slaine afterward more than xl kinges and.xii. C M other persones and mo. Wherof this Venus was of al thys grete mischief principall cause. She was an eville goddesse, fulle of eville temptacion. She is the goddesse of love, whiche kindeleth and chauffeth the amorous hertes, and maketh them to thinke bothe day and night to the joye and foule delites of lechery; And specially when they be at the masse or hering the divin servise, the devil causeth this for to trouble their faithe and their devocion whiche they have toward oure Lord. And knowe ye for certaine, my fair doughters, that a woman whiche is amorous shalle never sette her herte to God, ne she shall not saye devoutely her houres or matins, ne the hert open for to here the divine Servise of God. Wherof I shall tele you an Ensample. Two quenes were at this syde of the sea, which in Lent, upon the Holy Thursday, in the Passion weke, took their foule delites and plaisaunce within the Chirche during the servise divine, And rested not of their foly tille hit was alle done. Wherfore God, whiche was displeased with them for their enorme and foule sinne, made their foule dede and faitte to be openly knowen amonge the folke, In suche wise that they were take and putte under a grete and hevy coope of lede; And there they deyd of an eville dethe. And the two knightes, theire putyers, deyd also, as they that were flaine, they beinge yet on live. Now maye ye see how their fals love was eville and dampnable, And how the temptacion of Venus, the goddesse of love and lady of lechery, tempted them so moche, that she made them to take their foule plesaunce In suche holy time as upon the Thursday and Holy Fridaye in the Passion weke. By this Ensample is wel sene and knowen Page 175 how that every woman amorous is more tempted within the Chirche than in any other place. And the same is the first reason how a yonge woman must kepe herself fro suche folishe love, and not be in no wise amorous. The other reason is by cause of many gentille men, whiche ben so fals and deceivable, that they require every gentille woman that they may finde; And to them they swere that they shalle kepe to them their faithe, and be trewe to them, and shalle love them without falshed or deceivaunce, and that rather they shold die than to thinke any vilanye or dishonoure, And that they shalle be the better praised for the love of them, And that, if they have any good and worship, it shalle come by them. And thus they shalle shewe and saye to them so many reasons and abusions, that a grete mervaille is to here hem speke. And yet more they give oute of their brestes grete and fained sighes, And make as they were thinkinge and Melancolious, And after they cast a fals loke. And thenne the good and debonair wommen that sene them, supposen that they be esprised of trewe and faithful love. But al suche maner of folke whiche usen to make suche semblaunt, ben but deceivours or beguilers of the ladies and damoisels. For there is no lady ne damoisell that wold here them, but that they shold be deceived of them by their fals reasons, whiche they shold not here. These ben contrary to the faithfulle and trewe lovers. For he that loveth with god and trewe love, as he cometh before his paramours, he is feringe and dredefull lest he doo any thing that may displease her; For he is not so hardy to discovere ne say one onely word. And if he love her wel, I wene that he shalle be thre or four yere er he dar saye his secrete unto her. But thus do not the fals lovers; For they praye al them that they find, as above is sayd, And are not in drede ne in fere to saye al that cometh upon their fals tongues; And no shame ne vergoine they have of hit; And al that whiche they maye understand of them, they reherce and telle it amonge their felawes. And of them they hold theire talkinge, wherof they laugh and scorne and Page 176 take their disporte of hit. And thus by suche a waye they mocke and scorne the ladies and damoisels, and make newe talkinges and lesinges of them whiche before were never sayd ne spoken of. For they to whom they tellen hit, put to it rather somme evill than somme good. In so moche that, fro word to word, and by suche mockinge and frivolles, many ladies and damoisels ben ofte blamed. CHAPTER CXXIV. How a woman ought not to here the wordes or talkinge of him that requireth her of love. And to th' ende ye be not deceived, kepe you wel fro the talkinge of them. And if one beginne to reasoune and talke with you of suche mater, lete him alone, or els calle to you somme other body to here him say what he wil; And thus ye shalle voide and breke his talkinge. And knowe you for certaine, that if ye doo thus ones or twyes, he shalle nomore speke to you therof, but in good faith at the last he shalle praise and drede you, and shalle saye, "This woman is assured and firme." And by this maner of waye ye shalle not be put in their janglory and talkinges, and shall not also have no blame ne diffame of the world." CHAPTER CXXV. How the knight answereth to his wif. Thenne I answerd, " Lady, ye be moche hard & evill, in as moche that ye will not suffre that your doughters be amorouse; And if so came that somme gentil knight, worshipful, mighty, and puyssaunt enough after theire degree, had sette his herte on one of them, and be willinge to love her, and take her to his wif, why shalle she not love him?" "Sire," sayd his wif, "To this I shalle answere you, It is so as to me semeth, that every woman, maide, or widowe, may wel bete her self with her owne staff; For al men ben not of one condicion, ne of one manere; for that thinge whiche pleseth Page 177 to one is displeasing to the other. And somme ben, the whiche taken grete plaisire of the grete chere and semblaunt that is done to them, And that thinken but good and honeste. And som also ben therfore more curious to demaunde and aske their paramours to be theire wives. But many other ben, whiche are not of suche manere, but all contrarye; For whanne they see that their paramours painen them self to make them chere, they praise them lesse, And within their hertes ben doubtting of them, And, as they see them so light of wille and so enamowred, they leve them, and demaunde them not for to be their wives. And thus many one, for to shewe them self too moche amorous, and for to be too moche open in beholdinge and in givinge faire semblaunt, lese theire mariage. For, in certaine, they that kepe them simply, and the whiche given noo faire token or semblaunt to one nomore than to other, ben most praised , and they be therfore the sooner wedded. Wherupon ye told me ones an ensample whiche I have not forgeten, which happed to you of a lady to whome I give no name, the whiche ye wente ones to see her, willinge to take her in mariage. She, that wist and knewe well how it was spoken of you & her for her mariage, maade to yow as grete chere as she hadde loved and knowen your personne all the dayes of her liff. Ye prayd her of love; but by cause that she whiche was not wise enough to answere you curtoisly and wel, ye demaunded her not; And if she had hold her self more secrete and covered, and more simply, ye had take her to your wif. Of whome I have syn herd saye that she hath be blamed, but I wote not for certaine if it was so. And certainly, Sire, ye be not the first to whome suche adventure is happed; For many wommen have lost their mariage by cause of their amorous loke and fair semblaunt. Therfore it is good to every woman unwedded for to behave her simply and clenely, and specially before them of whome is spoken for her mariage. I saye not but that men must bere honoure to every one after that they be." Page 178 [CHAPTER CXXVI.l How men ought to love after his estate and degree. What saye you, lady, wold ye have kept them so straitly that they shold not take somme plesaunce more to somme than to the other?" "Sire, I wille not that they have or take any plesaunce of them that ben of lower estate or degree than they be of; that is to wite, that no woman wedded shalle not sette her love upon no man of lower or lasse degree than she is of. For if she tooke him, her parentes and frendes shold hold her lassed and hindered. These, whiche loven suche folke, don againste theire worship and honoure. For men ought to desire ne coveite nothinge so moche in this world as worship and the frendship of the world, and of hir Frendes, the whiche is lost as soone as she draweth oute her self oute of the governement and fro the counceill of them. As I might telle, if I wold, an ensample of many whiche therfore ben diffamed and hated of their parents & Frendes. "And therfore, Sire, as I their moder charge and deffende them that they take no plaisaunce, ne that in no wise sette their love to none of lower degree than they be come of, Ne also to none of highe estate, whiche they may not have to their lord. For the grete lordes shalle not take them to their wives; but alle their lovinge loke and semblaunt, they do it for to deceive them, and for to have the delites and plaisaunce of their bodies, and for to bringe them into the folye of the world." _ [CHAPTER CXXVIl.] How wedded wommen, whiche have sette their love to some of lower degree than they be of, are not worthy to be callid wommen. Also, they whiche putte and sette their love on thre maner of folke, that is to wite, wedded men, prestes, and monkes, and as to servauntes and folke of noughte, Page 179 These maner of wommen whiche take to their paramours and love such folke, I hold them of none extime ne valewe, but that tbey be more gretter harlottes than they that ben daily at the bordell. For many wommen of the world don that sinne of lechery but only for nede and poverte or els by cause they have ben deceived of hit by false counceille of bawdes. But alle gentille women whiche have enough to live on, the whiche make theire paramours or lovers suche maner of folke as before is sayd, it is by the grete ease wherin they be, and by the brenninge lecherye of their bodyes. For they knowe wel that, after the lawe of their mariage, they may not have for their lordes, ne to be their husbondes, men of the chirche, ne other of no valewe. This love is not for to recovere any worship, but alle dishonour and shame." [CHAPTER CIXXVIII.] How hit is almesse to enhaunce a man into grete valour. At the leste, sith ye wille not graunte ne accorde that youre doughters love no man paramours as longe as they shalle be unwedded, please it you to suffre that, whanne they shal be wedded, they may take somme plesaunce of love, for to hold and behave them self the more gaye and joyefull, and for the better knowe their behavinge and maner amonge folke of worship. And, as before this time I have sayd to you, It were to them grete welthe and worship to make a man of none extime ne of valewe to become of grete valour." [CHAPTER CXXIX.] The answere of the lady of the Towre. Sire, to thys I answere you, I wille well, and am content, that they make good chere to all worshipfulle men, And more to somme than to the other, that is wo wite, to them of gretter name and more gentil, or els better men of their persones, And after that they bere to them worship and honourably. Page 180 But as for to love paramours sithe they shall be wedded, withoute it be of suche love as men ought to bere unto folke of worshippe, for to love and worshippe them after that they be worthy and of velour, And whiche have had grete paine and travaille to gete and acquere glorye and worshyp by their valiaunce in armes, These must be loved, doubted, served, and honoured, withoute havinge in them any plesaunce, sauf only for the bounte of them. But to saye and hold hit good , that a wedded woman shold love and have a paramour, Ne take the othe and faithe of none, to th' ende that they be their lovers and paramours, Ne also to give their feith and othe to none, I trowe and wene certainly that no lady ne damoisell wedded, ne woman of other estate, shall not put her estate and worship in this balaunce, for many reasons; the whiche I shalle declare unto you. Wherof the first is as before I told you, that none woman amorous shalle never be soo devoute in her prayers, ne to here the servise of God, as she was before. For oute of love springen and comen too many thoughtes, and melancolye, as men sayn; And many one ben so enamoured and enflammed of love that, if they herd ring the last peel of a masse, and that they knewe that their paramoure wold have come to see them, they shold lese the masse for to please to their paramoure. This is no game egaly parted. But suche is the temptacion of Venus, the goddesse of lecherye. The other Reason I doo compare to the mercer, whiche weyeth his sylke whiche is fin and light, but yet he maye put so moche of it into the balaunce that it shalle overbere the weight whiche is at the other syde of the balaunce; That is to saye, that the woman may be soo moche enamoured, that lasse she shalle love her lord therfore, aud that the love, worship, and chevaunce whiche he shold have, she shalle take fro him, and give it to other. And for certaine, a woman may not have two hertes, no more than a greyhond may renne after two bestes. Therfore, Impossible is that she might love her paramour of trewe love, and her lord also, withoute faute or deceivaunce. But God and Reson naturell constraineth Page 181 her. For, as the clerkes say, and the predicatours, God beganne the world by mariage of man and woman; And God him self, whanne he came in to this world, he spake and treated at a sermon that he made of mariage, saying that mariage is a sacrament joyned and annexed of God to the man and the woman, & how they be but one body, and that they oughte to love eche other more than fader ne moder, ne other creature. And therfore, sith that God hath assembled them, no man mortal ought not to separe them, ne take fro them the love whiche is betwene them. This sayd God of his owne mouthe. And therfore at the dore where as the preest maketh them to swere that they shalle love and kepe eche other, bothe seke and hole, And that they shalle not guerpishe or leve al eche other for none other better or worse; and therfore I saye, sith the creatour of al the creatures sayd so, it is but one thinge and one body, that men ought to guerpishe and leve al other worldly love, for to take the love whiche oughte to be in mariage, how thenne shold the wedded woman give her love ne do any oth to some other, withoute consent of her lord? I trowe that, after the wille of God and the commaundementes of holy chirche, that this may not duely be done withoute faithe be broken of one side or of other, and many horrible dedes done. For in good faithe I doubte not but that they whiche ben amorous, and given their faithe to other men, loven but litel or nought theire husbondes, and that they be cursed of God." [CHAPTER CXXX.] How a woman whiche wille kepe ber honour must doo ne shewe no manner of semblaunt to none. There ben yet other Reasons for to kepe the love of her lord clenely, withoute daunger or perille, that is to wite, against envyous folke that have eville and cursed tongues, whiche maken the fals reportes; that is to saye, that if ony woman maketh somme semblaunt of love to some man, And if that somme other her servaunt, or any other body, perceiveth it, as they shalle be departed fro her, they anone shalle Page 182 talke and speke therof before the folke; And thus shal the wordes soo ferre goo, that at the laste, men shalle saye that she hath fawted in dede; and by this maner is a good & trewe woman blamed and dishonoured. And if hit befalle that by somme aduenture her lord have any knowlechinge of hit, he shalle take her in hate, and of hertely love he shalle never love her, And ever he shalle saye eville of her. And thus is the trewe love of mariage lost and go fro them, and never parfight joye ne love shalle they have togider. And therfore grete perille is to every wedded woman to put her lord and his estate, & the welthe & joye of her mariage, in this balaunce & in suche perillous auenture. Wherfor I counceill not to no good woman to have any paramour, ne to be amorous, in so moch that see be subget to other than to her lord; for by suche a cause many good mariages have ben left & forgoten, &, for one word that is come therof, an C evils ben comen therfor. I shal telle you therof one example of them whiche ben dede, & have finished their lives by the perils whiche ben in folishe love. The lady of Coussy & her paramoure deide therof, & also did the castellaine of the Verger, And after her the duchesse, And also many other deyde therof, only for the love, and the most parte withoute Confession or shrifte, wherfore I wote not how they doo in the other world. But I doubte not but that the delites and plaisaunces whiche they tooke therof in this world shalle be to them derely sold; And the delites of them that ben amorous ben suche, that for one joye that they receive of hit, they suffre and have therfore an C dulours, And for one worship, honderd shames. And ever I have herd saye, that a woman amorous shalle never after love her lord with good herte, but that she shalle ever be in melancolye and in smalle thoughtes." [CHAPTER CXXXI.] How a knight loved the lady of the Toure. "Lady, ye make me to be merveilled how that ye so sore discounceille them to love. Wene ye to doo me to Page 183 beleve that ye be so trewe in your spekinge, that ye never were amorous? Certainly I have wel herd the complainte of some, of whome ye hold wel your pees." "Sire, sayd the lady, "I trowe that ye wold not beleve me if I told to you the very trouthe therof; but as for to saye I have ben prayd of love, I have many times perceived how somme men were aboute to speke to me therof, but ever I brake their wordes, & called to me somme other, wherby I did breke their faitte. Wherof ones hit befelle, as many knightes and ladyes were playinge with me, that a knight sayd to me how that he loved all the ladyes that ben in this world. And I did demaunde and asked him if hit was long syn that sekenes & eville had taken him. & he answerd that it was wel ij yere gone and past, and that never he durst telle it to me. I thenne answerd to him that it was nothinge of that space of time, & that he hasted him too moche, and that it was but a temptacion, & that he shold goo to the chirche for to cast upon him holy water, and that he shold saye his Aue Maria, & that his temptacion shold sone after go fro him, For the love was newe. And he demaunded of me why. And thenne I sayd to him that none paramoure or lover ought not to saye to his lady that he loveth her, till the time of seven yere and an half be passed & gone, and that it was but a litell temptacion. Thenne he wende to have argued, and put many reasons unto me, whanne I sayd al on highe: `Behold ye all what sayth this knight, whiche is but two yere syn he loved first one lady! And thenne he prayd that I shold kepe my pees therof, and that in good faithe he shold never speke to me therof. But at the last he sayd to me, Lady of the Towre, ye be moche eville and straunge; and also after your wordes over prowd love, I doubte that ye have not be ever so straunge. Ye be like the Lady of the Fucille, whiche said to me thus, that she wold never here ne understand the noote and wordes of none, sauf one time that a knighte prayd her, but she had an uncle whiche she made to hide him self behind her, for to here and understande what that the knight shold seye; wherin she did Page 184 grete treason. For he wende wel secretely to saye his raison, and wend not that any one had herd him, but her self alone. Wherfore I dare almost say that bothe you and she be but grete spekers, and litell piteous of them that require mercy and grace. And she is of your oppinion, that no ladyes or damoisels may not disporte them with none other than with their lord, for the reasons which ye have sayd before.' But, sire, sayd thenne the Lady of the Tour to her lord, as for your doughters, ye may saye to them and charge them of that what shalle befalle you, but after the faitte or dede right shall be done. Sire, I pray to God that to worship and honour they may come, as I desire. For min entencion and will is not to ordaine upon none ladyes ne damoisels, but if hit be upon min owne doughters, of whome I have the chastisement and charge. For every good lady or damoiselle, if God be pleased, shalle governe and kepe hem self well to their worship and honour, withoute I, that am of litell witte and litell knowinge, entremete me therof." [CHAPTER CXXXII.] Yet speketh the knight of the Toure. "At the lest, my lady, I wille yet argue to you, saying that, if she may seme to come unto worship and valour, the whiche had never, ne also shold have courage ne hardines to put hem self in pain to have hit, but it were for the love and plaisir of his lady, and by good trust to be a good knight, and renommed amonge the valiaunt and hardy, for to gete worship and the grace of his paramour. And for a litell chere, a man cominge of lowe degree may be enhaunced by his love, and be compted amonge the worthy and valiaunt." [CHAPTER CXXXIII.] How one must be wily and subtill for to discovere his love. "Sire, hit semeth me that there be many maners of love, and, as men saye, the one is better than the other. For if hit Page 185 be so that a knight or squier loveth somme lady or damoiselle by worship and honoure only, and for to kepe her worship and the curtosie of her, and for the good that she shall do to him, suche love is good, which is without prayer or request." "What, lady, if he requireth her to kisse or embrace him, it is no force, the windes blowen it away!" "Ha. a! Sire, I answere unto you, that as wel to my doughters as to other that me semeth; and therto I consente, that they may make to them good chere, and that they kisse them before all, to th' ende that they lose not their valour. But as for my doughters which ben here present, I defende and withsaye to them the kissing, and all such maners of disportes. For the wise lady Rebecca, whiche was right gentill and noble, sayeth, the kissinge is nighe parente and cosin unto the foule faytte or ded. And Sibylle sayth, that the first sign or token of joye is the loke or beholding; and after the amorous loke they come to the kissinge, and thenne the dede or faytte; the whiche dede taketh away the love & worship of God & of the world; & thus they come from one dede to another. & I lete you know that me semeth that, as_sone as they suffre hem to be kissed, they put hem self in the subjection of the devill, which is to subtill. For suche one weneth wel at the beginning to kepe him firmely and be stronge, the whiche he deceiveth by his subtill arte and crafte, and by suche kissinges. And thus, as one kissinge draweth to him another, and as the fire kindleth a strawe, and fro that strawe it cometh and kindleth another, & thus atte last the bedde is a-fire, & the hous also; in like wise is it of suche love. And yet I charge you, my faire doughters, that ye be no players. For suche playing causeth oftime many a folishe loke and beholdinge, by the whiche may peraventer come blame and eville renomme. I herd ones reherse and saye a tale of the Duchess of Baviera, how that she had wel twenty subgettes, as men sayd, the whiche loved her, and to eche of them she gaf signe and token of love. She playd with them at the tables and wan of them coursers, and hackneys, and dere Page 186 and riche furringes, and also ringes and precious stones, and many other jewels; and grete proffite she had by them, But, for certaine, she could never kepe her self so wel, but that at the last she was blamed and diffamed. And better it had be for her worship, that she had bought and payed alle that she had of them half derer more than it was worth. Therfore grete perile is to every lady or damoisell, and to all other good and worshipfull wommen, to use such playinge and be of suche liff. For the most appertise and wise find them self as the last, by suche dealinge mocked and blamed and foule diffamed. And therfore, my faire doughters, take ye here good ensample, and be ye not to curious to any playe for to winne suche ouches or fermailles; for by the covetousnes to gete and havejewels or trinkets suche jewels for nought, many a woman put her self in subjection; and oftime it befalleth therfor that they be deceived. And thus is it good to avise and beware him self before the cominge of the stroke." |
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